By Jim Lewis��

Across much of the United States, storm shelters are no longer a future consideration for K–12 school districts. They are a present-day requirement, driven by evolving building codes, intensifying weather patterns and growing expectations that schools serve as community safe havens.��

In high-wind regions, especially across the Southeast, storm shelters sit at the intersection of life safety, schedule certainty and durability. The question is no longer whether to build them, but how to deliver shelters that meet stringent performance standards without disrupting project timelines.��

Projects like the storm shelter at Saraland High School in Saraland, Ala., reflect a broader shift in how districts approach severe weather resilience — and why many are turning to precast concrete to meet those demands.��

Codes, Compliance and Rising Expectations��

The regulatory framework surrounding storm shelters has tightened over the past decade. Under the International Building Code, K–12 schools classified as Group E occupancies with more than 50 occupants must include storm shelters in designated high-wind regions. These requirements reference ICC 500, the national standard for storm shelter design and construction, along with FEMA P-361 guidelines for life safety performance.��

These standards leave little margin for error. ICC 500-compliant shelters must withstand wind speeds up to 250 mph, equivalent to an EF-5 tornado. Meeting those demands requires close coordination among architects, structural engineers and construction partners.��

Storm shelters are one of the few building components where there is no partial credit. The structure either performs as designed under extreme load or it fails, and that failure is not something uncovered during routine inspection.

Because of that, owners are placing greater emphasis on documented performance. They want the same level of rigor in system selection that engineers apply in design, prioritizing proven outcomes over theoretical predictions.��

Precast Concrete’s Role in Life Safety Design��

Precast concrete continues to gain traction in storm shelter applications because it addresses both structural and logistical challenges. Manufactured in controlled environments, precast components provide consistent quality and tight tolerances — critical when designing for extreme wind and impact resistance.��

It also brings a clear schedule advantage. Panels can be produced concurrently with site work, and once delivered, installation moves quickly. That allows projects to reach enclosure sooner and keeps timelines aligned.��

In K–12 construction, that schedule certainty matters. Delays are not just inconveniences — they introduce risk. When a school does not open on time, districts face operational disruption, safety concerns and community pressure. Owners are not simply buying speed; they are investing in predictability. Precast offers a level of certainty where delivery, sequencing and performance are defined in advance, reducing the chance of downstream delays.��

Case Study: Saraland High School Storm Shelter��

In 2024, the Saraland City Board of Education initiated plans for a new storm shelter at Saraland High School to meet updated code requirements. Located in a high-risk wind zone along the Gulf Coast, the district prioritized durability, reliability and speed of delivery.��

The 17,894-square-foot facility, designed by McKee & Associates Architects and constructed by Waverly Construction of Alabama LLC, was built to protect students, staff and nearby residents during severe weather events.��

The project relied on a total precast concrete approach for its core structure. Components were manufactured off-site and delivered ready for installation, allowing erection to move quickly once foundations were in place.��

Installation began May 8, 2025, and the precast structure was erected in just three weeks. That timeline allowed other trades to mobilize earlier and helped the project stay aligned with strict K–12 scheduling requirements. The value extended beyond speed — owners could rely on a defined sequence and predictable outcomes from start to finish.��

Beyond Shelter: Flexibility and Future Use��

Modern storm shelters are rarely single-purpose spaces. Districts expect them to serve daily functions when not activated for emergencies, including gymnasiums, cafeterias, testing centers and community gathering spaces.��

Precast supports that flexibility. Panels can be customized to align with surrounding architecture, and interior layouts can be adapted for multiple uses. At Saraland High School, the shelter was designed with that versatility in mind, ensuring it remains an active part of campus life.��

Scalability is another advantage. Modular precast systems allow districts to expand capacity over time without starting from scratch, aligning long-term planning with enrollment growth and budget cycles.��

A Community Asset, Not Just a Compliance Measure��

As extreme weather events increase in frequency and severity, storm shelters are taking on a broader civic role. Many districts coordinate with municipalities to open school shelters to surrounding communities during emergencies.��

Properly designed shelters can significantly reduce tornado-related fatalities for those inside protected spaces. That reality reinforces why these structures are no longer viewed as optional upgrades, but as essential infrastructure.��

For K–12 leaders, storm shelters demand the same level of rigor as any critical building system. Material selection, delivery method and construction sequencing all carry life safety implications.��

Projects like the storm shelter at Saraland High School demonstrate how districts can meet those expectations while maintaining schedule control and design flexibility. As codes evolve and risks increase, storm-resilient construction will remain a defining factor in school design.��

Jim Lewis is a Registered Architect and Sales Manager at Tindall Corporation. This article was sponsored by Tindall Corporation. To learn more, visit .

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The Adapta-Bench measures 30 inches long by 15 inches wide by 15 inches high and weighs 13.9 pounds. It is available in Primary and Welcoming Woodland color palettes. Benches can be purchased individually or in sets. One Almond Adapta-Bench is included; other colors are sold separately. The product has a two-year warranty and limited lifetime warranty.

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By Justin Sinnott��

With decades of local experience and a diverse portfolio, Erickson-Hall Construction Co. continues to set the standard for building world-class educational facilities across Southern California. And while summer typically signals a quiet period on school campuses, this is when the San Diego-based firm steps into its busiest, high-energy season: the annual “Summer Sprint.”��

During a tight, eight-week window, Erickson-Hall delivers major infrastructure improvements across multiple district sites before the school year begins. By making the most of the summer months, Erickson-Hall is able to upgrade campuses with minimal disruption to students and staff. As the firm wraps up another summer sprint in 2026, it is building off the momentum of several recently completed milestone projects. These large-scale builds showcase Erickson-Hall’s deep expertise in design-build, construction management and multi-phase modernizations.��

Erickson-Hall’s delivery of brand-new Upper Athletic Fields at Beverly Hills High School in March marked a major milestone in Beverly Hills Unified School District’s multi-phased campus transformation. This ambitious design-build project required upgrading aging recreational infrastructure while carefully��maintaining��the school’s historic character. The scope of work included the construction of brand-new tennis courts, a lighted softball field, comprehensive utility improvements,��retaining��walls and a permanent modular restroom building — delivering a dynamic environment for the district’s 3,300 students.��

With a similar focus on multi-use athletic spaces, Erickson-Hall also unveiled the��state-of-the-art��Wiseburn Sports Complex for Wiseburn Unified School District in April. Designed to function as both an athletic engine for student-athletes and a cornerstone for local youth sports organization events, the complex integrates fields for Little League baseball, high school��softball��and youth soccer. More than upgrades to playing surfaces, the scope of work extended to player and spectator amenities, including new dugouts, batting cages, scoreboards, upgraded parking and a full concession building with modern restrooms. These facilities are backed by heavy infrastructure upgrades including underground utilities, irrigation,��fencing��and low-voltage systems.����

Shifting focus from athletics to the arts, in April, Erickson-Hall also cut the ribbon on a new Center for the Arts at Hesperia High School in San Bernardino County. This project��represented��a significant investment in the school’s arts education, providing modern, high-capacity spaces designed for student learning, professional��development��and community engagement. At the heart of this 40,500-square-foot versatile hub is a 500-seat performance stage and a flexible multi-purpose area. To accommodate the new facility, the project team also managed broader campus adjustments, including the relocation of existing tennis courts, alongside landscaping and surrounding site improvements to enhance the general campus environment.������

The seamless delivery of these projects highlights Erickson-Hall’s strong focus on preconstruction and early planning. Engaging corporate expertise early provides school districts and civic leaders with��constructibility��reviews and cost-saving strategies that eliminate expensive surprises and delays down the road.����

Ultimately, navigating these complex, multi-phase builds��requires��deep trust and transparent communication among owners,��architects��and subcontractors. As an employee-owned company, this collaborative spirit is built directly into Erickson-Hall’s culture. Every team member has a stake in the firm’s success, translating a personal commitment to quality into tangible, high-efficiency results for clients.������

This dedication to community-driven excellence is fully on display as Erickson-Hall works on this year’s Summer Sprint, which is well underway. The firm is carrying this momentum forward to build the next generation of spaces where Southern California communities can thrive.��

Justin Sinnott is Vice President of Corporate Services��at Erickson-Hall Construction.����

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By Sarah Clow

91ԭƬ attended on June 2 at the Omni Hotel in Los Angeles, the organization’s first conference dedicated entirely to K-12. The event brought together school district leaders, architects, contractors and investors to address the funding, design and delivery challenges reshaping school campuses across the region.

From Bond to Building: Funding, Procurement and Delivering K-12 Projects in a High-Cost Environment

Financing K-12 construction in California is complex. Bond dollars are tightly earmarked, and districts are responsible for keeping both the community and industry informed on how those funds are being used. Regulatory hurdles, namely with the Division of the State Architect (DSA) and the Department of Finance for state-funded projects, continue to slow timelines, and panelists stressed that planning needs to start earlier to absorb those delays.

Alternative delivery methods like design-build offer real opportunity in K-12, but early collaboration between project teams is essential. The strategies that impact goals, timelines and funding need to be established from the outset.

As for what’s getting built, modernization is the dominant story. From Long Beach to Santa Monica, existing school facilities are approaching 70 years old. Seismic upgrades, sustainable renovations, Universal TK facilities, and investments in gyms, arts and experiential learning spaces are driving the current project pipeline. Building on active campuses remains one of the industry’s most persistent challenges. Panelists described it as “fixing the plane while flying,” with early phasing plans and community engagement strategies being critical to keeping projects on track.

Speakers in this session included Carey Upton, Chief Operations Officer at Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District; Kate Hirsh, Co-Head and Managing Director of Healthcare + Education at Turner Impact Capital; Tracy Nishihira, Executive Director of Facilities Development & Planning at Long Beach Unified School District; Brooke Murray, Director of Facilities Planning & Operations at Ontario-Montclair School District; and Dave Amudson, Project Executive at C.W. Driver Companies.

The Future of Southern California K-12 Learning Environments: Safety, Flexibility, Technology and Student Experience

Declining enrollment is reshaping how districts think about their facilities — and panelists argued that it needs to reshape how they think about their communities. Schools serve more than current students, and long-term planning needs to reflect that.

On technology, the message was practical: build for flexibility now, and design spaces that can accommodate upgrades without full retrofits down the line. Educators also need proper training to make technology investments worthwhile. Inclusive design was another priority, with several Southern California districts committed to integrating special education facilities into every school so families can keep children enrolled at their neighborhood campus.

Safety generated the day’s most candid conversation. The ideal of open, community-welcoming campuses is in direct tension with today’s security requirements. Fencing, controlled access and fortified perimeters are becoming standard. The design challenge is making those elements feel considered rather than institutional. Panelists favored modern security detection technology over traditional metal detectors and emphasized that transparency and sightlines remain important tools for creating environments where students feel secure.

Underlying all of it was a call for deeper community engagement. The best school facilities are designed for the people they serve, and that requires understanding what matters to each community from the very start.

Speakers in this session included Alix Walsh O’Brien, FAIA, Deputy Chief Facilities Executive at Los Angeles Unified School District; Kelvin Okino, Executive Director of Facilities and Construction at Irvine Unified School District; Anney Hall, Principal at Lionakis; and Jerry Lam, Principal at Lam + Tea Engineering.

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By Lindsey Coulter

With more than 20 years of architectural experience,��Aaron Jobson, AIA, ALEP, CEO and President��at��Quattrocchi Kwok Architects��(QKA), has worked��with��numerous school facilities across all grade levels and school types. From facilities��master��planning and new campus development to building transformations and critical modernizations, Jobson brings a wealth of experience and insight to the 91ԭƬ Editorial Advisory Board.

A founding member of the School Energy Coalition (SEC),��Jobson is also a legislative advocate for energy efficiency measures affecting schools and a leading voice on sustainability. He has written��about Building Information Modeling, sustainable design, community engagement, designing for wellness, and in 2015��was certified as an Accredited Learning Environments Planner (ALEP) by the Association for Learning Environments (A4LE).��

When asked what excites him about the future of K-12 and higher education design, Jobson shared a broad vision of progress. “Teaching is continuing to evolve, and I am excited to see how we can evolve the design of learning environments alongside it,” he said. “At the same time, we are learning more about how the physical environment affects the brain, which will continue to influence design.

Jobson spoke with 91ԭƬ about finding new design strategies to connect classrooms to nature, to support teachers and students’ well-being and mental health, and why he’s expanded his view of design to include advocacy and policy.

SCN: With more than 20 years in practice, what experiences most shaped your path into school design and firm leadership?�� ��

Jobson: My architectural journey has been deeply influenced by engaging with, learning from, and understanding the perspectives of educators, including my wife and many members of my family. Understanding their experiences has shaped how I think to design spaces. Over two decades of collaborating with educators on various projects has provided me with a broad understanding of how learning and facilities interact. Together, these have informed a deep level of empathy, appreciation, and respect for the work these professionals do, which informs how I approach the design of school facilities. Our goal with every project is to help educators better serve their students and communities. Some of my most impactful and rewarding experiences are when we get the opportunity to hear from students and teachers who are using the facilities we designed and how our work has��impacted��their educational experience.������

SCN: How has working across all grade levels—from��Pre-K��to higher education— influenced your design approach?����������

Jobson: Working across many grade levels and schools in different communities has provided me with a deep understanding of the breadth of challenges that educators face and how school facilities can support them. This work has helped me understand that each school environment is unique and that the best projects start with actively listening to and learning from teachers and community members.������

SCN: As a founding member of the School Energy Coalition, what gaps in policy or practice compelled you to get involved?������

Jobson: Schools are a unique set of energy users, differing from residential or commercial users, which have��particular challenges��and opportunities. Energy laws and programs often��failed��to address the specific needs and requirements of schools. In part, we started the School Energy Coalition (SEC) to provide a voice for schools and their needs in the California state government.��������

SCN: How do you see the architect’s role evolving in legislative advocacy for energy efficiency in schools?�� ��

Jobson: Architects offer valuable��real world��examples of energy efficiency policy, including the costs and challenges of implementation. Over the past decade or so, the landscape of sustainable design, energy efficiency and regulation has changed a lot. Many older strategies focused on energy efficiency are being replaced by��newer approaches��focusing on decarbonization and renewable energy generation and storage. Architects can also help��identify��regulatory roadblocks that make it harder to implement energy efficiency changes.��������

SCN: How has your definition of “good school design” evolved over time?������

Jobson: In general, my definition of��good design��has always been spaces that are beautiful and functional. Over time, I have learned more about the technical aspects of how the quality of space impacts learning through factors such as acoustics, air quality, etc. These factors have become an important aspect of how I think about functional design and what makes a well-designed learning environment.������

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By Jennette La Quire, AIA, LEED AP ID+C��

Across all grade levels,��hands-on learning is��gaining renewed momentum. As teachers and administrators��increasingly embrace experiential approaches, education is transforming into a more active,��collaborative��and dynamic process��for students. This shift is fueling a demand to��creatively and effectively��connect theoretical knowledge and practical��application��— and is��set to define 2026 and beyond.����

Nurturing Wellbeing with (and without) Technology��

Safety is the priority for all school design stakeholders. Creating a single point-of-entry, while allowing for emergency egress from various parts of the campus, is a strategic way to enhance security without installing overbearing fencing. Windows enable passive supervision and enhance the overall atmosphere. While light and healthy learning spaces are ideal, they must also be designed with potential threats in mind. Aside from window treatments, interior locks, places to duck-and-cover, and screening via shrubbery, schools are starting to install call buttons (also known as panic buttons), which can instantly alert the entire campus to an emergency. This style of broadcast system is an��additional��tool to make students feel safe without making them feel confined.

High-resolution��security cameras��are becoming increasingly common, and not just on the��exterior. High schools are experiencing an uptick of students vaping in bathrooms, setting off smoke detectors, and flushing vapes down the toilet, often leading to plumbing issues. One trending solution involves placing a high-resolution camera at the bathroom’s exterior entrance��as a deterrent,��since��they’ll��be seen entering or exiting the restroom where these incidents occur.��

Adapting to Pre-K (or TK) Inclusion��

At the elementary level, school districts are��following��funding��and policy��shifts to incorporate��transitional kindergarten (TK),��also known as pre-K,��into��both��new and��existing��buildings. The��challenge��for planners and designers is that state��policies��often require preschools to��meet��lower teacher-to-student ratios than the rest of the school,��along with��in-class restrooms��that are easy to supervise.

In��HED’s����across��the��San Francisco Bay Area, cost-effective use of existing infrastructure has been central to successful modernization efforts.For new construction, districts that have not yet received funding or mandates are proactively planning for future TK integration by including��stubbing in��plumbing and��allocating��additional��classroom space.��

Fine-Tuning Food Service��

For school districts in California (and elsewhere), the free-lunch policy instituted during the COVID-19��era has��continued.��As a result, the number of students taking advantage of accessible food has ballooned. To adapt to the��increased strain on the cafeteria space and staff, food service is shifting away from long queues of counter service to “speed lines.”��At��Palo Alto’s Gunn High School,��HED��instituted lines that move along both sides of grab-and-go, center islands. Minimal staff��members��are��required to��scan items at the end of the two lines, ensuring each student receives a well-rounded��meal��and the food service director can track the volume of items��consumed.��The trend to��streamline food service��helps��minimize��queues,��allowing��more time for children to eat,��and��measures��the impact on kitchen capacity.��

Reimagining CTE��

Career Technical Education (CTE) spaces have become��drivers��for design innovation. Gone are the days of tucking woodshop or auto mechanics in a back room. Practical, hands-on learning environments are taking center stage alongside technology, math,��science��and art instruction.��

In some cases, schools are proactively linking the contemplative and kinetic aspects of CTE,��facilitating��connectivity through all aspects of a particular career pathway. HED’s project at Santana High School��in��San Diego County, Calif.,��involved converting a formerly HVAC equipment-filled mezzanine into a viewing corridor linking the computer lab to the fabrication lab. Given this easy connection, students can work on architectural and engineering project calculations and drawings; then, they can easily move to the neighboring auto shop, fabrication lab, or electronics lab to bring their creation to life. Incorporating both the technical and hands-on aspects of that learning experience helps students get a feel for different careers, such as engineering versus construction, and gain insight into potential pathways after graduation.

Embracing the “if you can see it, you can be it” philosophy, the Grossmont Union High School District integrated a��into its campus. The facility delivers professional training and certifications for in-demand careers, such as dental assistant, vet tech, phlebotomist, EMT and nursing assistant. For younger students, it creates a sense of access and possibility.��

Read more about��CTE spaces, and��how adaptable spaces and��new technologies��can also support flexibility and sustainability,��in the��November/December Technology edition of 91ԭƬ.��

Jennette La Quire, AIA, LEED AP ID+C, is the��Pre-K-12 Sector Leader��at HED and a member of the 91ԭƬ Editorial Advisory Board.��

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By Michelle Kelly

In the ever-evolving landscape of K–12 education, school districts across the country are grappling with a pivotal question: When is it more prudent to renovate an aging facility, and when is it time to start fresh with a new build? The answer is far more nuanced than a simple cost comparison.

K-12 schools nationwide grapple with aging infrastructure, learning environments that fail to support today’s educational models, rising maintenance and operation costs and limited capital budgets. The decision to renovate or replace a K-12 school facility is one of the most consequential choices a district can make, impacting not only finances but also educational outcomes and community trust.

With rising materials and labor costs, it’s increasingly important for school districts to evaluate the cost of planned renovations against the cost of new construction today and in the future. While many projects are identified as part of multi-year bond programs and prioritized accordingly, budgeted funds are increasingly insufficient to complete the desired facility and program updates when the project is scheduled to begin.

Before proceeding with design, engaging an independent third-party cost estimator to assess both renovation and new construction options can provide critical context for making data-informed decisions.

Beyond the Bottom Line

“People often treat estimating as a checkbox during design,” said Conor Clarke, a cost estimator with OCMI Inc. “But it should be treated as a strategic step during programming or conceptual design — if not earlier — to help districts understand the constraints of renovation and replacement options.”

Michael Mejia, an expert in educational facility cost analysis at OCMI, agrees. “It’s not just about cost—it’s about fiscal responsibility and long-term planning. Especially in California, where DSA [Division of the State Architect] regulations can dramatically shift the scope of a project.”

The 50% Threshold: A Critical Pivot Point

When renovation costs near 50% of the cost of new construction, comparative estimates become essential — not only to determine whether to proceed, scale back, or opt for full replacement, but also to uncover hidden project factors that could significantly affect the final cost. Conducting these estimates early helps reduce risk and supports long-term, strategic planning for school districts.

In California, DSA mandates that if renovation costs exceed 50% of the replacement cost value (RCV), the project must include seismic upgrades — often triggering a cascade of additional code compliance requirements and costs. This threshold is calculated using DSA’s IR EB4 form, which sets a baseline replacement cost (currently $517 per square foot for K–12 schools). This is often significantly lower than actual market rates, which have been unable to keep pace with market movement over the last 10 years.

“Most of our renovation projects already exceed that $517 per square foot figure,” Mejia notes. In San Diego, for example, school construction costs range from $800 to $1,200 per square foot. Even modest renovations can inadvertently trigger seismic upgrades.

In Nevada, where no statewide threshold exists, the Clark County School District sees the highest renovation costs in HVAC and roofing, with only minimal to moderate interior updates. When costs near the replacement threshold, the question becomes: Is it worth spending millions to put a band-aid on a school that still falls short of meeting modern educational needs?

“Sustainability targets, although necessary from a climate standpoint, further increase the likelihood of these types of triggering events due to their higher associated costs,” said Clarke.

Areas with significant carbon reduction initiatives, like Washington and California, have a higher predisposition to seeing project costs in excess of replacement thresholds driven by the associated codes and standards that must be factored into a design, as opposed to the nature of the initial project.

Read the full article — including tips on calculating hidden costs, balancing needs with budgets and the case for new construction — in the July/August issue of 91ԭƬ.

Michelle Kelly is a director of Business Development at OCMI Inc. in Seattle. OCMI is an independent cost estimating firm that takes a data-driven approach.

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An Iowa State University alumni holding 20-plus years of expertise, Roth has two decades of experience in building and leading design teams, partnering with school districts, and creating learning environments with the focus of supporting students and educators. Her diverse design background allows her to blend interior architecture; furniture, fixtures and equipment; and planning to showcase the power educational environments have to instill joy, support student and staff wellbeing, and improve student outcomes.

Roth serves as the president of the A4LE Kansas City Chapter, sits on the MWGL board, and is involved in the House of Delegates. She is involved in the EDmarket Certified Learning Place Specialist program and will earn her ECLPS certification this summer.

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