By Lindsey Coulter��

School design has entered a new era. While conversations once centered on flexible classrooms, daylighting and collaborative spaces, today’s education planners are asking a more fundamental question: how does the environment itself influence learning?��

For Erika Ashauer, ALEP, EDAC, Human Experience Research Lead with the Denver office of HCM, the answer begins with understanding how people of all ages think,��feel��and move through space. With a background in cognitive science,��neuroscience��and evidence-based design, Ashauer works alongside architects,��educators��and other project stakeholders to translate research into practical design strategies that support attention, emotional regulation,��belonging��and long-term student success.��

“I’ve always been fascinated by how children learn and develop,” Ashauer said. “If we can create environments that help students feel safe,��supported��and ready to grow — and help educators do their best work — that has a lasting impact. Helping create happier kids and healthier learning experiences is something��I’m��incredibly proud to be part of.”��

For districts investing in new schools,��renovations��and modernization projects, Ashauer believes the greatest opportunity��isn’t��simply creating more flexible buildings;��it’s��creating environments that are intentionally designed around the people who use them every day.��

“Design and school culture have to work together,” Ashauer added. “We can create movement spaces, sensory rooms or restorative environments, but if school policies don’t support students using them, they won’t achieve their intended purpose.”��

Ashauer, who will share more of her research and insights at the 91ԭƬ Design & Construction Symposium in Denver Aug. 5, spoke with the publication about why human experience research is becoming an increasingly common��component��of PK-12 school design and procurement.��

SCN: Your role is still fairly unique within architecture firms.��Is this becoming a larger field?��

Ashauer: It’s definitely growing.��Six or seven years ago, I��wasn’t��even sure there were other people doing this work. Today there are more professionals working in design research across education, senior��living��and other sectors.��We’re��building a community that shares research and best practices while helping move the profession forward.��

[Clients] may not know what to call it yet, but��they’re��absolutely asking the questions. More RFPs include language around student engagement,��belonging��and human experience. Those ideas are becoming expectations rather than nice-to-have features.��

SCN: You describe schools as “active regulatory environments.”��What does that mean?��

Ashauer: We used to think of schools as containers where learning happened.��That’s just��not true. From the moment a student arrives on campus,��they’re��unconsciously assessing whether they feel safe,��welcome��and ready to learn.��

A four-year-old experiences that journey very differently than a high school student or a fifth grader with special needs. Design influences those experiences through spatial sequencing, visibility, acoustics,��comfort��and countless other factors. Our goal is to reduce unnecessary cognitive stress so students can spend more energy learning, taking academic��risks��and building relationships instead of simply navigating the environment.��

SCN: Does your research apply to renovations as much as new construction?��

Ashauer: Absolutely. Renovations often require even greater intentionality because every investment matters. Before deciding what to change, we��have to��ask why��we’re��renovating, who��we’re��serving��and how students��actually use��the building. Understanding those answers helps prioritize where design dollars will have the greatest impact.��

SCN:��You’ve��also talked about the concept of “embodied learning environments.” How is that different from terms like “student-centered” or “flexible learning”?��

Ashauer: Embodied learning recognizes that learning happens through the body as much as through the brain. Our brains constantly process sensory information. If students are spending energy dealing with glare, noise, visual��clutter��or uncomfortable temperatures,��they’re��using cognitive resources that could otherwise support learning.��Essentially, we��don’t��think with just our brains — we think through our entire bodies.��Good design��acknowledges that.��

SCN: How does that philosophy influence��designing��for neurodiversity?��

Ashauer: One of the biggest lessons from neuroscience is that there really��isn’t��a “typical” learner. Every person’s cognitive needs change over time through age, stress, injury,��illness��or life experiences. Rather than��designing for��one type of student, we should create environments that offer layers of choice and support. Those decisions��benefit��students who identify as neurodiverse, but they also improve learning for everyone.��

SCN: Does that expand the traditional definition of accessibility?��

Ashauer: Very much so. Physical accessibility��remains��incredibly important, but accessibility also includes sensory,��cognitive��and emotional experiences. The more we understand how people��actually move��through and experience buildings, the better we can design environments that allow everyone to��participate��fully.��

Read more in the Design & Construction Issue of 91ԭƬ, available now.��

The post The Science Behind Better School Design appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

The post The Science Behind Better School Design appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

The architecture firm ��—��with��offices��in Santa Rosa, Calif.,��and Oakland,��Calif. —��recently advanced��it’s��2030 vision by��establishing��an office in Castle Rock, Colo.��The��nearly 80-person��firm now has three employees in Colorado��supporting��projects across the company and��as they��look to build a strategic pipeline of opportunities in��the region.��Led by Studio Director Joel��Williams,��AIA,��LEED AP, ALEP,��the team also includes��Project��Designers Joseph Puyot and Spencer Robinson.��

Williams joined��QKA in 2020��and��has more than 18 years of experience in education design, from��small classroom renovations to large-scale campus master planning projects. With a leadership��style rooted in collaboration and��communication,��he will build on his established client and��partner relationships to grow QKA’s presence in the Rocky Mountains.����

“This��expansion is a natural extension of our community-minded work in��California and��offers great��opportunities to build our talent pipeline in a��highly desirable��region to live and work,” Williams said.��

Williams, who will also share his insights at the 91ԭƬ (SCN)��Design & Construction Symposium��in August, spoke recently with SCN to explain why Colorado is a compelling market for K-12 design, and how architecture can help schools do more with limited resources.��

SCN:��Colorado has seen significant growth and voter support for school bonds. How do you see those market conditions shaping the next generation of school design in the state?��

Williams:��Colorado voters approved��nearly��$6 billion��in new school bond funding in the 2024 election cycle, with��additional��measures��anticipated��on the 2026 ballot. That sustained community investment reflects the same conviction��we’ve��seen across the Bay Area: that well-designed schools are worth funding, and that communities will��back��that commitment at the ballot box.��

The policy landscape is similarly aligned. Evolving energy codes in both states are driving demand for schools that prioritize efficiency, renewable generation, and reduced fossil fuel reliance. Sustainability strategies that were once aspirational—daylighting, natural ventilation, solar generation, stormwater management—are now baseline expectations in both markets. The frontier of the conversation has moved upstream, from operational energy use to the embodied carbon inherent in the materials and processes��required��to build and renovate in the first place.����

The key distinction between the two markets is demographic. California enrollment is��largely stable��or slightly declining, while Colorado’s population growth is driving enrollment increases and expanding housing development across the region. That translates into demand for both new campuses and significant modernization of existing ones.��

SCN:��Many districts are balancing enrollment growth, aging infrastructure, and budget pressure. How can architecture help schools do more with limited resources?��

Williams:��There is no universal answer to the gap between funding and��need��that every public school district faces. Sometimes a creative renovation is the right investment; sometimes demolition and replacement of an aging facility is the better long-term decision. What matters is that the solution fits the place.��

In every case, the goal is the same: buildings that meet today’s needs while��remaining��adaptable, and that incorporate systems district facilities staff can��actually operate��and maintain effectively. Architecture helps schools do more with limited resources when��it’s��rigorous about long-term cost of ownership, not just first cost—and when��it’s��honest about which investments will still be paying dividends in 20 or 30 years.��

SCN:��Colorado districts vary widely—from fast-growing suburban systems to rural communities. How should education design adapt to��very different��local needs rather than relying on one-size-fits-all solutions?��

Williams:��Every project starts with active listening. Before we reach for a solution, we work to understand what a particular district, campus, and community actually��need. We have decades of experience in school design, but we focus more on bringing that��expertise��to creatively respond to a client’s goals than on telling them what they should think. The best designs respond to the constraints that make a school community and site unique—not necessarily those with the largest footprint or the biggest budgets. Across a state as varied as Colorado, that posture��isn’t��optional;��it’s��the only approach that works.��

SCN:��You bring��nearly��20��years of education design experience. What are the biggest shifts��you’ve��seen in learning environments over that time, and how will those lessons influence your Colorado work?��

Williams:��The biggest shifts��haven’t��been in classroom layout or building configuration;��they’ve��come from the systems, technology, and construction methods that make schools work��over time. As I mentioned previously, this is��apparent��in the shift in priorities��regarding��sustainability strategies. As certain strategies become the baseline, we can move to��focusing��more on concerns like embodied carbon.����

That whole-lifecycle thinking, developed through years of California work, is a direct asset as Colorado districts make long-term infrastructure decisions. Our Colorado presence��isn’t��designed to function as a stand-alone regional office; the vision is a distributed studio model—one firm,��operating��across multiple geographies, carrying the same design standards, technical rigor, and culture that have defined QKA for four decades. For Colorado districts, that means access not just to a local team, but to the full depth of QKA’s institutional knowledge, built project by project, district by district, over 40 years.��

The post Joel Williams on Leading QKA’s New Colorado Office and Taking on a New K-12 Market appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

The post Joel Williams on Leading QKA’s New Colorado Office and Taking on a New K-12 Market appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

By Evelyn Long

School hallways often resemble rush-hour highways during class changes. Students bottleneck at stairwells and cluster near popular classrooms while other corridors sit empty. Many administrators interpret this congestion as a behavioral problem. However, the root cause often lies in the building’s design. ��

When architectural planning incorporates strategic wayfinding systems, particularly color-based zoning, schools can guide movement patterns naturally and reduce mayhem without��additional��staff intervention.��

From Chaos to Clarity��With��Architectural Wayfinding��

Wayfinding extends far beyond directional arrows and room��number��plaques. It��represents��a comprehensive design discipline focused on creating intuitive spatial navigation. For best results, it should be integrated from the design phase, but retrofitting color zoning can also work.����

The most successful wayfinding becomes invisible to users. When people navigate a space without conscious effort or confusion, the system has achieved its purpose. Teachers and administrators can spend less time directing disoriented students, and children can experience less stressful movement around their school. Effective techniques also streamline visitor flow during events like parent conferences and open houses.��

Designing for Flow��With��the Principles of Color-Based Navigation��

Cognitive research confirms color’s power to act as a navigational tool. Studies��demonstrate��that people in color-coded environments����when��locating��destinations. Color also����and strengthens spatial orientation within complex buildings.��

Age-appropriate color selection matters significantly in school design. Young children are more likely to remember primary colors rather than complex hues like turquoise, which blends blue and green. Clear, distinct colors create stronger mental associations for developing minds.��

Designers can also manipulate spatial��perception��through strategic color application. Painting the shorter end walls of a long corridor in warmer tones creates visual balance and��,��making��the space feel less tunnel-like and more proportional. Students are naturally drawn to the warmer spaces rather than lingering in the blander hallway.��

Specific color applications can address different functional zones throughout a school:��

• Play areas:��Warm,��vibrant��and energetic colors create��appropriate atmospheres��for recreation and physical activity.��
• Year or subject zones:��Distinct color schemes delineate different grade levels or academic departments, helping students quickly��identify��their designated spaces.��
• High-traffic areas:��Lighter colors or neutral tones in busy environments like cafeterias reduce visual overwhelm and create calmer atmospheres.��
• Teaching rooms:��Painting the instructor’s��wall��a deeper shade directs attention forward and creates a natural focal point.��
• Corridors:��Color-coding doors and entryways by their specific zones��helps��students��identify��correct destinations. Painting waiting areas outside classrooms in matching zone colors psychologically discourages lingering for students who belong elsewhere while directing them toward��appropriate locations.��

Enhancing Safety and Ensuring Accessibility��

Clear navigational paths directly��impact��student safety by reducing congestion in high-traffic areas and ensuring efficient egress during emergencies.��

Accessibility compliance adds another critical dimension to wayfinding design. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, functional elevators����educational facilities. Color zoning around elevators helps students quickly��locate��these essential access points.��

Strategic painting choices can prevent congestion near elevators and other high-traffic areas. Using move-on colors or floor patterns that direct movement away from elevator lobbies prevents clustering. These visual cues guide students naturally without verbal instruction or staff intervention.��

Color Zoning in Action — Two Real-World School Designs��

Two international schools��demonstrate��how color-based wayfinding becomes an��integral part of the architecture��rather than superficial decoration.��

��in Greenland assigns each building a unique color paired with an animal theme drawn from Greenlandic fauna. This dual-coding system creates strong identity markers that young students recognize easily. Red linoleum flooring unifies all��common areas��throughout the campus,��establishing��visual continuity while individual building colors��maintain��distinct identities. The combination allows students to understand both their specific location and their position within the larger campus structure.��

��in Moscow��faced a different challenge when integrating new construction with existing buildings. Designers created a color-coded address system that assigned unique hues to different blocks, effectively unifying��the space��across old and new architecture. This system transformed what could have been a confusing maze into a legible campus where classroom locations become intuitive.����

Many schools can��identify��where overcrowding occurs and even��understand��why bottlenecks form. However, implementation strategies often��remain��unclear. Some institutions recognize potential solutions, such as��,��but lack methods to encourage behavioral change. Color zoning provides��the��concrete implementation tool that bridges the gap between problem identification and practical��solution.��

Building the Future of Intuitive School Design��

Research-backed color zoning strategies demonstrate that architects and designers can create environments where movement flows naturally without constant supervision. Functional color can shape behavior, support accessibility and improve the daily experience for everyone who navigates the building. When educational facilities incorporate color zoning and wayfinding principles from the initial planning stages, they can create more efficient and welcoming spaces.

Evelyn Long is a commercial interior design writer with specialized��expertise��in accessible, ADA-friendly spaces and designing environments that support mental health and��inclusivity.��

The post Are Schools Designed for Movement or Mayhem: Using Color Zoning to Direct Traffic appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

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By Rob Filary, AIA

Across the country, Transitional Kindergarten is moving from pilot to policy, from niche offering to a foundational layer of public education. As districts expand access, a practical question comes into focus: where do four-year-olds fit within systems built for older children?��

The answer is beginning to reshape the physical environment of schools in ways both subtle and consequential. Transitional Kindergarten is not a program that can simply be absorbed into existing classrooms. It asks for spaces tailored to a different stage of development, where independence is��emerging��but not yet assumed, and where the first experience of school can shape a child’s long-term relationship to learning.��

Design, in this context, becomes less about accommodation and more about calibration.��

A Different Kind of Classroom����

Traditional elementary classrooms are organized around independence and routine. Transitional Kindergarten��operates��on a more fluid threshold. Students are learning how to be at school, and the environment plays��a central role��in that transition.��

Classrooms are larger, more��flexible��and intentionally zoned. Distinct areas for quiet reading, active play, group instruction, and sensory exploration allow students to move between modes of learning with clarity. Fixtures,��storage��and visual cues are scaled to a child’s perspective, supporting autonomy without overwhelming choice. In-class restrooms reduce disruption and reinforce independence, while material shifts from soft flooring to durable surfaces support a range of activities throughout the day.��

These intentional adjustments shape how students navigate space, build��confidence��and begin to understand the rhythms of school.��

The Architecture of a First Experience��

For many families, Transitional Kindergarten marks a child’s first sustained interaction with the school system. Design decisions at the campus level carry weight beyond the classroom.��

Locating Transitional Kindergarten classrooms near the front of campus, with direct access to drop-off zones, can ease daily routines and reduce stress for caregivers and children alike. What appears to be a logistical decision becomes part of a family’s sense of trust and belonging.

Within the classroom, access to daylight, views to nature, and controlled sensory input support focus and emotional regulation. Just beyond it, outdoor environments extend this experience in more physical, immediate ways.��

Outdoor Transitional Kindergarten play yards do more than providing a space recess by functioning as a dynamic extension of the classroom where learning becomes physical,��sensory��and directly connected to the surrounding environment. A well-designed outdoor space carries the same intentionality as its indoor counterpart, supporting exploration,��discovery��and skill-building across developmental domains.��

These environments play a critical role in social and emotional development. Open-ended areas invite collaboration, negotiation, and problem-solving, as children learn to navigate shared spaces and group activity. The ability to move freely and make choices fosters independence,��confidence��and self-regulation which are skills that underpin long-term academic readiness.��

Support for the student’s physical development is embedded in the landscape itself. Climbing elements, varied terrain, and adaptable materials support coordination, spatial awareness, and both fine and gross motor skills. At this stage, movement is fundamental to well-rounded learning.��

Thoughtful outdoor classrooms also reflect a broader commitment to inclusivity. Shaded areas, quiet nooks, sensory gardens, and flexible play features create multiple points of entry, allowing all students to engage in ways that align with their individual needs and comfort. Designing a yard with these elements in mind provides even the youngest students with an environment that broadens the definition of learning while��remaining��legible and supportive to every child.��

Here, play is not separate from learning but one of its primary vehicles.��

Fitting into the Larger Whole��

As Transitional Kindergarten expands, its integration into existing campuses becomes a strategic exercise. These classrooms do not��operate��in isolation but instead influence circulation,��supervision��and daily operations across the site.��

Proximity to kindergarten can support developmental continuity, while a degree of separation helps��maintain��an appropriate scale��for younger students. Many schools are beginning to cluster early learning environments into dedicated zones, creating a “school within a school” that balances connection with protection.��

Operational patterns shift as well. Drop-off and pick-up routines change when families��accompany��younger children. Supervision lines, restroom access, and security measures must account for different behaviors and needs. Even the orientation of windows and outdoor spaces contributes to a sense of safety and enclosure.��

These considerations extend beyond design in the narrow sense and shape how the campus functions over the course of the day.��

A Foundation with Lasting Impact��

Well-designed Transitional Kindergarten spaces help students understand where they are, what is expected, and how to move through the school day with growing confidence. They offer families clarity and reassurance and give educators environments that support a range of teaching approaches.��

As districts continue to invest in these programs, the question is no longer whether Transitional Kindergarten belongs on the elementary campus, but how its presence can strengthen it for everyone.��

By getting it right early, schools can reduce friction for families, support educators more effectively, and create environments aligned with how young children learn and develop. A stronger start for students and a more responsive campus begins with treating the first step into education as a moment worth designing with care.����

Rob Filary, AIA, is an Education Sector Leader at��.

Get more weekly reports and��timely��updates by subscribing for free at��schoolconstructionnews.com/subscribe.��

The post Designing the First Step: How Transitional Kindergarten Is Reshaping the Elementary Campus appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

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By Greg Cromer��

Public school systems across the country are entering a period of sustained enrollment decline, driven by a convergence of demographic and behavioral shifts, particularly��evident��along Colorado’s Front Range.��As explained in Part I of this article, Colorado��is projected to lose more than 15,000 children ages 0–17��over the next five years, due to factors such as��persistently low birth rates, high housing costs, an aging��population��and slower immigration.��

Online programs, private schools or homeschooling offer further competition for public schools across the country, helping to accelerate enrollment losses that exceeded 10,000 students this year alone, the largest drop since COVID-19. ��

Part I of this article discussed how��declining��enrollment��across the nation��is forcing��leaders to consider��consolidation,��closures��and replacement. However, this shift is also��creating��opportunities��to modernize aging facilities and rethink how space supports evolving educational models, from flexible, data-informed facility plans��to right-sizing��school capacity through consolidation and reconfiguration. Read further recommendations here:��

Establish Shared Understanding to Align Community and System Needs��

Engaging communities in school closures or consolidation is one of the most challenging responsibilities for school boards because it sits at the intersection of personal impact and systemwide necessity. Families often focus on identity, commute��changes��and neighborhood stability, while districts must address enrollment decline, underused facilities, financial��pressure��and equity. Bridging this gap requires transparent, data-driven storytelling that connects individual decisions to broader trends while also acknowledging the real loss communities feel—an essential step in��maintaining��trust.��

These decisions also require courage from district leaders, as delays or inaction can deepen inequities and strain limited resources. The transition also offers a powerful opportunity for community renewal by reimagining school identity through a new name, mascot,��colors��or symbols, which allows architectural teams to embed that identity into the built environment and shape a unifying community asset.��

Additionally, districts are increasingly designing schools for flexibility from the outset by positioning facilities as civic assets. Through adaptable layouts and coordinated shared-use spaces like flexible commons, gyms or auditoriums, schools can better serve both students and communities year-round, maximizing public investment and long-term value. This approach positions facilities not as static assets, but as adaptable infrastructure and dynamic tools that can continue to deliver student success and community buy-in.��

Unlock��Value in��Existing��Assets��

Reframing existing school assets is a key strategy for districts facing enrollment decline and uneven��utilization, shifting underused schools from excess capacity to flexible hubs that can be repurposed to meet emerging needs. Converting space for early childhood education, expanding special education or alternative programs, co-locating community services and even exploring workforce housing to support educator recruitment and retention can make an impact. Alongside physical reuse, specialized models such as STEM, Career and Technical Education (CTE) or arts-focused programs can also re-energize underenrolled facilities by drawing students across traditional boundaries.��

Partnering with architecture and design firms can help reimagine and maximize the value of existing assets. Consider repurposing underutilized wings into collaboration zones, student��services��or community spaces. At Sheridan High School, the design team revitalized an abandoned pool building into a trades skills workshop where students could work alongside trade professionals to develop hands-on skills in carpentry, plumbing, electrical and HVAC systems.��

Districts such as Aurora Public Schools are leaning into programmatic strategies to attract and��retain��students in a competitive enrollment landscape. As choice expands and demographic pressures intensify, districts are moving beyond boundary-based enrollment to emphasize what makes each school distinct. This includes developing and branding focus-based schools built around themes, specialized��programming��or community partnerships to create a clear value proposition for families. For example, in response to shifting enrollment patterns, the Clara Brown Entrepreneurial Academy leaned into its identity rooted in entrepreneurship and innovation, using its programmatic focus to differentiate itself and re-engage families.��

Designing for��consolidation and future repurposing is essential to creating resilient school environments that attract and��retain��students. Flexibility helps future-proof facilities against demographic shifts, funding��changes��and broader disruptions, enabling districts to respond to enrollment changes without stranded assets and keeping buildings relevant and impactful over time.��

Greg Cromer is an education practice leader at��Wold��Architects and Engineers with more than 40 years of experience designing K–12 learning environments. He can be reached via email at��gcromer@woldae.com.��

Get more weekly reports and��timely��updates by subscribing for free at��schoolconstructionnews.com/subscribe.��

The post Right-Sizing Schools, Part II: Turning Enrollment Decline into Opportunity appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

The post Right-Sizing Schools, Part II: Turning Enrollment Decline into Opportunity appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

By Greg Cromer

Public school systems across the country are entering a period of sustained enrollment decline, driven by a convergence of demographic and behavioral shifts, particularly��evident��along Colorado’s Front Range. Over the next five years, the state is projected to lose more than 15,000 children ages 0–17, as persistently low birth rates, high housing costs, an aging��population��and slower immigration reduce the number of school-aged students.��

With more families considering online programs, private schools or homeschooling, public schools across the country are facing declines in student enrollment, accelerating enrollment losses that exceeded 10,000 students this year alone, the largest drop since COVID-19. According to projections from the National Center for Education Statistics, this downward trend is expected to continue nationally, placing increasing pressure on district funding, staffing and long-term planning, especially in high-poverty communities where per-pupil revenue is critical.��

Within this challenge lies a strategic inflection point: declining enrollment is forcing long-delayed conversations around consolidation,��closures��and replacement, while simultaneously creating an opportunity to modernize aging facilities and rethink how space supports evolving educational models. As some districts grapple with underutilized buildings and shifting community needs, the question is no longer whether change is necessary, but how to approach it. Below are strategies to unlock strategic investment in existing assets, align facilities with evolving educational programs and position schools to attract and��retain��students in a more competitive, choice-driven landscape.��

1. Build flexible, data-informed facility plans

In neighborhoods with aging populations, schools are��operating��below capacity, prompting consolidation or closure, while growth areas on the urban fringe��and in��redeveloping corridors face rising demand and need targeted expansion. This divergence is pushing districts toward more nuanced, data-driven strategies that balance right-sizing in legacy neighborhoods with growth planning elsewhere.��

To respond, districts are adopting more disciplined, long-range planning approaches that integrate enrollment projections, birth rates, housing trends and migration patterns with facility condition,��capacity��and educational adequacy data. Financial modeling grounded in per-pupil revenue forecasts and capital funding scenarios helps weigh renovation versus replacement, while scenario planning prepares districts for shifting demographic and policy conditions. Paired with transparent, community-informed engagement, this approach enables districts to move beyond reactive decisions and build flexible roadmaps that align facilities with evolving programs,��optimize��existing assets and support long-term sustainability.��

2. Right-size school capacity through consolidation and reconfiguration

Many schools were built during the post–World War II boom (1950s–70s), with a second wave in the 1990s–early 2000s tied to suburban growth. As a result, much of the portfolio, especially in established��districts,��is��now 45 to 65 years old, with some buildings exceeding 70 and requiring significant modernization. While newer schools exist in growth areas, portfolios are��largely defined��by older campuses in mature neighborhoods and newer ones on the fringe. This imbalance is driving complex capital decisions, as districts weigh modernization against replacement amid declining or uneven enrollment.��

Rather than defaulting to replacement, districts are rethinking aging assets and are prioritizing renovation and adaptive reuse to better match capacity with current and projected enrollment. At��Peakview��Academy at Conrad Ball, declining enrollment prompted consolidation efforts, with Thompson School District merging a middle school and two elementary schools into a��new schools��into a new PK–8 campus designed to better align staffing,��programming��and enrollment needs. Similar models, including High Plains School and Riverview PK-8 School, reflect a broader shift toward right-sizing facilities while��maintaining��neighborhood access to education.��

This approach supports more strategic capital investment, reduces long-term maintenance��costs��and improves operational efficiency while enabling evolving instructional models. By��consolidating��underused facilities and reconfiguring grade structures, districts can better balance educational quality with fiscal responsibility, transforming aging infrastructure into more sustainable, future-ready learning environments.��

Stay tuned for Part II of this article later this week, focused on establishing shared understanding to align community and system needs and how to unlock value in existing assets.

Greg Cromer is an education practice leader at��Wold��Architects and Engineers with more than 40 years of experience designing K–12 learning environments. He can be reached via email at��gcromer@woldae.com.��

Get more weekly reports and��timely��updates by subscribing for free at��schoolconstructionnews.com/subscribe.��

The post Right-Sizing Schools, Part I: Turning Enrollment Decline into Opportunity appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

The post Right-Sizing Schools, Part I: Turning Enrollment Decline into Opportunity appeared first on 91ԭƬ.

By Evelyn Long

In modern school design, the most critical spaces for student development may not be classrooms — they may be the areas in between. Third spaces like commons, libraries and even hallways represent an untapped frontier for fostering the youth’s social and mental well-being. They’re crucial for community health, but they are steadily declining. This presents a unique opportunity for educational facilities. ��

The Disappearing Third Space and Its Toll on Student Wellness��

Third spaces��, unlike the first and second spaces — the home and work or school. However, third spaces like malls, local parks and other����after the COVID-19 pandemic and rise of digital platforms and online communities. This reduces the number of venues and opportunities for low-stakes social interactions that children and young adults especially need.������

“We need intimate, close relationships,” Japonica Brown-Saracino, a sociology professor at Boston University, said. “But casual relationships serve a purpose as well, and many of those can be cultivated in a third place.”����

Around����between the ages of 13 and 29 report feeling lonely. Teenagers have the highest rates, and those experiencing this isolation are 22% more likely to earn lower grades. These statistics are alarming, as loneliness can����and diminish life expectancy.����

Within academic institutions, third spaces are where students choose to be, without a formal agenda. Students����these places when��they’re��at school. For example, many Gen Z students prefer to spend time in settings with third-space qualities when��they’re��not in class. The challenge for designers is how to bring those qualities inside school walls.����

From Concept to Construction — How to Build a Third Space��

While the sociological need for third spaces is compelling, the “how” is where design and construction experts can translate an abstract concept into a functional reality. Here are design strategies and ideas that can transform underutilized areas into vibrant hubs for student life.����

Implement Flexible and Biophilic Design��

Modern third spaces must serve multiple purposes and ideally connect students to nature. Consider these ideas:������

• Use modular seating, movable��partitions��and varied furniture to create distinct zones for quiet study, social��interaction��and collaborative work within a single��open area.����

• Go beyond potted plants by incorporating living walls, wood-paneled��accents��and large windows to maximize natural light.����

• Choose carpets,��textiles��or acoustic panels that feature patterns inspired by nature to create a subtle connection to the natural world.����

Adopt a “Resimercial” Approach to Materials and Comfort��

Blending the comfort of home with the durability of commercial environments is possible with��particular strategies:����

• Use durable but comfortable materials like cleanable fabrics, warm-toned��flooring��and area rugs to dampen sound and define spaces.����

• Install a long, recessed electric fireplace in communal spaces to create a powerful sense of warmth and gathering.����

• Designate��wall spaces for framing systems that display rotating student artwork to highlight the school’s community.����

Ensure Accessibility and Code Compliance��

Compliance with codes and regulations, from��, is also nonnegotiable. Professionals must go beyond meeting the��minimum��requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act to ensure accessibility:������

• Create clear, intuitive pathways free of obstacles, with good lighting and clear wayfinding signage to��assist��neurodiverse students or those with low vision.����

• Provide a variety of seating options, including chairs with and without armrests and couches at different heights.����

• Design for various sensory needs, which may include using acoustic paneling to dampen noise in “quiet zones” and providing areas with lower levels of stimulation.����

Leverage Smart Technology for Efficient Environments��

Smart technology will be part of an estimated����by 2028. This widespread adoption means that many students and their parents increasingly see responsive features as a standard.����

• Implement a zoned, smart HVAC system to keep different zones within a third space cool or heated simultaneously based on occupancy and need.����

• Install motorized shades that are programmed to automatically lower during peak sun hours to reduce solar heat gain.����

• Ensure the smart features are well-integrated to reduce energy consumption����and gain significant savings.����

Provide Pervasive and Accessible Technology��

Beyond smart automation, third spaces must always provide the fundamental technological infrastructure students need.��

• Integrate power outlets and USB charging ports directly into couches, tables,��benches��and other furniture.����

• Ensure the third space has a blanket��coverage��wireless network with sufficient density of wireless access points to handle hundreds of simultaneous connections without lag or dead zones.����

• Create dedicated huddle stations for small group work, equipped with a monitor with screen-sharing capabilities and mobile whiteboards that can be moved to��different locations��as needed.����

The Future of School as a Community Anchor��

Third spaces are a proven sociological concept that provides the informal, voluntary social connection that today’s adolescents are actively seeking. The goal is to intentionally design these spaces into the school environment, rather than leaving them to chance. Combine flexible, human-centered architectural planning and strategically integrate smart technology. Aim to become builders of the infrastructure that supports a healthier and more connected generation.����

Evelyn Long is a commercial interior design writer with specialized��expertise��in accessible, ADA-friendly spaces and designing environments that support mental health and��inclusivity.��

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By Evelyn Long��

Modern educational institutions require engaging digital learning tools to meet the growing needs of students. However,��there’s��also the challenge of combating screen fatigue — a common occurrence in the age of electronic devices. Integrating interactive, projection-based surfaces offers a smart solution that promotes digital learning while reducing the risk of technology overload.����

The Rising Cases of Screen Fatigue��

Gadgets are indispensable in a modern student’s life. The increasing dependency on electronics is leading to��high levels��of screen time, with teenagers����than those aged 12-14 to spend four hours or more on devices daily. This phenomenon can cause computer vision syndrome or screen fatigue, which��, blurred eyesight, trouble keeping eyes open and headaches.��

Aside from smartphones, computers and TVs, traditional screen-based technologies, such as tablets and smartboards, can contribute to this issue.��

How to Transform Surfaces into Interactive Learning Devices��

The prevalence of screen fatigue��necessitates��the development of more advanced technologies, such as interactive walls and floor-based activities. Here’s how designers and engineers can collaborate to build a space that fosters sustained student engagement and well-being.����

Use Softer, Ambient Color Schemes��

Studies have shown that text colors and ambient light conditions can����and impair cognitive performance. Calming colors, such as muted greens, blues or light grays, are excellent choices for interactive surfaces. This approach can help reduce overstimulation from bright hues.����

Warm tones like yellow and orange must be used sparingly for interactive elements that need to stand out. A touch of red is enough to draw attention to a specific area or button, while yellow can be used to evoke excitement among students.��

Prioritize Projection Over Direct Screens��

Projectors offer more flexibility than direct screens, providing more visibility in large spaces. When the whole class can see it, they are more likely to engage in lessons, making it easier to learn and collaborate in rooms of��various sizes.����

Some projectors��, which��contains��blue light wavelengths. Institutions and experts recommend using orange text on a black background, rather than the standard black text on white, to help boost viewing clarity.��

Select the Right Surface Material��

Professionals should opt for durable, nonreflective and light-colored matte finishes for floors and walls to ensure the projected image is clear and to prevent distracting reflections.��

For instance,��Viherlaakso��School in Finland introduced��iWall��— an exercise gaming solution����experience. It��utilizes��smart floors that are nonreflective, nonglossy, and free of any dark or busy patterns that could interfere with projection and motion tracking.��

Conduct a Thorough Site Assessment��

A thorough site evaluation is essential for renovating existing spaces. This is especially important in older school buildings because hazardous materials may be present. For instance, asbestos��, which is why the demolition or renovation of an asbestos-containing structure must follow the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants.����

Project leaders����to prevent exposure to hazardous materials during installation. They must also confirm if the rooms have adequate ventilation to dissipate the heat generated by projectors, sound��systems��and other electronic devices.��

Ensure Inclusive Access��

Interactive walls and floors encourage physical movement. A study suggests that whole-body play activities can����and reduce negative behaviors. Research author and University of Delaware professor Anjana Bhat stresses the importance of gross-motor activities.

“Such regular physical activity has the potential to improve their child’s attentional focus, executive functioning, socialization, and would give them a sense of belonging/achievement, when done solo at home or in a small group format in the community,” she says.��

Designers and engineers must develop the system to be usable by students with physical and cognitive disabilities. This includes ensuring gesture controls that are not overly dependent on precise fine-motor skills.��

Learn more about the benefits of interactive technology in schools in the��November/December Technology issue of 91ԭƬ.��

Evelyn Long is a commercial interior design writer with specialized��expertise��in accessible, ADA-friendly spaces and designing environments that support mental health and��inclusivity.��

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By Evelyn Long

Maintaining healthy sleep-wake cycles helps kids stay alert, recall information and feel eager to learn. The associated behavioral benefits linked to a good night’s rest can support children in having productive relationships with their teachers and demonstrating the motivation to excel during tests and projects.

Professionals overseeing school designs should understand the connections between the body’s circadian rhythms — which regulate daily sleepiness and wakefulness — and learners’ outcomes.

The Impact of Circadian Rhythms on Learning Potential

Over the past 25 years, hundreds of schools in the United States have established later start times to align with sleep-wake cycles. Administrators did so after a growing body of research showed students whose school days match their circadian rhythms are more likely to feel energized and pay attention in classes, mutually benefiting themselves and teachers.

Kyla Wahlstrom is an educational policy researcher at the University of Minnesota who has studied the effects of school day timing since the 1990s. “Adolescent health is start times. This isn’t a silver bullet to improve test scores. It’s a public health policy,” Wahlstrom said.

A 2025 study supported Wahlstrom’s assertion by revealing that adolescents perform better on cognitive tasks when they sleep longer. Although the investigation did not find a direct link with school achievements, the most each night did best on tests examining vocabulary, problem-solving skills, reading and focus.

Subjects in that group got an average of seven hours and 25 minutes of sleep per night and tended to go to bed and fall asleep earlier than their counterparts. In contrast, people in the two segments that scored lower slept up to 15 minutes less than the top performers. The result suggests even modest shifts supporting students’ ideal circadian rhythm cycles could facilitate learning readiness.

Additionally, a 2023 study of Australian students at a facility with 250 day attendees and 59 boarding school residents found those in the latter group , likely due to a structured routine that restricts nighttime technology use. This outcome emphasizes the need for adult involvement in developing appropriate sleep-wake cycles.

Blackout curtains can due to light sensitivity, while a familiar bedtime routine establishes consistency.

Applying Strategic Design Choices in Schools

School design and construction professionals can promote healthy sleep-wake cycles through strategic decisions.

Increasing Natural Light

Many classrooms only have artificial lighting. However, designing them to boost natural light through features such as floor-to-ceiling windows facilitates the sleep-wake cycle.

Mohamed Boubekri is an architecture professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who focuses on buildings’ impact on human health. “My studies, as well as many others, have shown that we could be losing of sleep per night because of not having natural light in our workplaces or our classrooms,” Boubekri explains.

In a study of Egyptian classrooms, researchers to investigate the impact on daylight illuminance and its effects on occupants. Those changes improved light distribution, minimized glare, and enhanced illumination in previously dark areas during critical working hours. The results showed the enhancements achieved effective circadian exposure levels for students, supporting their learning performance and health goals.

Designing Spaces for Intended Purposes

Those creating learning environments should consider how people use the room and shape their decisions accordingly. A naptime area for a preschool might feature smart lights that gradually dim to encourage kids to slumber and a soft color palette to promote relaxation.

Alternatively, bright hues , making them ideal for playgrounds and classrooms. Stylistic decisions can naturally signal when people should calm down or become more focused, depending on what particular parts of their school days require.

Installing Human-Centric Lighting

Human-centric lighting gradually shifts the illumination intensity and temperature, personalizing it to the time of day. This approach is ideal in buildings lacking abundant natural light.

A systematic academic literature review of the subject indicated it aligns with circadian rhythms. Applying it can and help them sleep better at night. Additionally, light levels tailored to activities can increase performance and comfort.

Reducing Blue Light Exposure

Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs emit highly concentrated blue light wavelengths in the 400-450 nanometer range, as does the sun. However, humans’ exposure to this type of visible light is higher than ever due to their use of screen-based electronics, which are also characterized by high amounts.

Christopher S. Colwell, a neuroscientist and professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles, explains why frequent screen use can disrupt sleep. Colwell mentions how light detectors in human retinas influence the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls hormones. “Their only job is to it’s day or night,” he says. “And it turns out this system is most sensitive to blue/green wavelengths.”

Screens placed around schools to announce upcoming trips, deadlines and lunch menus give a high-tech look and eliminate disposable signs. However, they increase overall blue light exposure, making it harder for students to wind down at night. Designing screen-free environments supports sleep quality, helping learners wake up more refreshed.

Supplementing Design Decisions with Behavior Changes

School designs are essential, but the overall effects become more noticeable when educators suggest that parents and guardians make changes at home to support circadian rhythms. Similarly, construction officials engaging with families at meetings about upcoming projects should position this information as helpful to everyone, increasing adults’ willingness to alter schedules and behaviors and set good examples.

Evelyn Long is a commercial interior design writer with specialized expertise in accessible, ADA-friendly spaces and designing environments that support mental health and inclusivity.

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By Shelby Hinchliff

In Fort Collins, Colo., what was once a dated 1980s office park is now a thriving junior high school campus: Liberty Common School. This ambitious adaptive reuse project exemplifies the opportunities of adaptive reuse and shines a light on how we can reimagine spaces to evolve as the community needs them to.

Designed with flexibility, efficiency and student well-being at the forefront, phase one of the new campus officially opened for the 2025-2026 school year. The full school will be completed in time for the 2026-2027 school year.

For Liberty Common, a charter-public school focused on a classical, core knowledge-based curriculum, the project offered an opportunity to give junior high students a space uniquely tailored to their needs without the cost or timeline of new construction. The facility’s location further bolsters the school’s historic role closing achievement gaps for its district’s low-income and minority students, for which Liberty Common School has achieved national recognition.

“We needed a space that would not limit our growth. Having a regulation sized gym, consolidated classroom spaces and a space to support performances and presentations elevates the experience of our students,” said Kathleen Kearney, Liberty Common Junior High School principal and project manager. “Transforming an outdated office building into a fully functional school campus takes a great deal of planning and coordination, but we are so proud of the final product. It was a rewarding experience to revitalize a space in Fort Collins rather than let it go to waste.”

Reimagining space through adaptive reuse

Originally built as part of a suburban office park, the site presented clear challenges and unique potential. With flat, ribbon-windowed architecture typical of its era, the buildings were far from school-ready. But by reconfiguring the interiors, adding a connective structure between them, and completely reworking the site layout, the design team created a secure, efficient and inspiring learning environment.

The two existing buildings will house classrooms and administrative areas. A new addition, referred to as the “loggia” in a nod to Roman architectural tradition — will connect the structures and includes a regulation-sized gymnasium, multi-use cafeteria and a space to host concerts, musical-theater practice and presentations.

Parking areas will be replaced with green space, providing outdoor learning and recreation areas while supporting critical stormwater rerouting infrastructure.

Fast-tracked timeline and phased construction

Charter school construction typically requires 14-15 months for permitting, design and buildout. But strategic overlap in the design and construction process, along with a highly collaborative approach, allowed the team to deliver the project’s first phase in just 10 months, from design start to occupancy.

Phased approaches are beneficial to many different spaces, but especially critical for schools. In order to prevent any academic disruptions, Neenan and Liberty Common completed phase one, 19,000 square-feet of academic classrooms and administrative areas, in time for the 2025 school year. Phase two will include a second building, loggia, gymnasium, support spaces, specialty classrooms and site work.

With critical areas of the school fully operational, Neenan is working in lockstep with the school to coordinate daily activities. This high caliber of collaboration is needed to ensure student safety in the areas adjacent to an active construction site.

Navigating complexity with collaboration

Converting the office park into a school wasn’t just a matter of design. It also required navigating multiple layers of local and state approval. The teams worked with the City of Fort Collins to remove a public street between the two buildings, reroute stormwater systems and reconfigure vehicle access and parking.

The project remained on schedule thanks to close coordination among Neenan, the school, the city and the owner’s representative, Jeff Jensen.

“Because we’ve worked with Liberty for years, we were able to help them quickly weigh their options, support the financing package and push through approvals efficiently,” said Bill Pigg, president of Neenan Archistruction. “This project is a perfect example of how design-build can accelerate delivery without sacrificing quality.”

Planning with purpose

Prior to selecting the site, Liberty Common considered multiple options, including a ground-up build and adaptive reuse of other properties.

Site selection is a critical component of setting up an adaptive reuse project for success. It is necessary to conduct a comprehensive evaluation. Ultimately, Liberty Common selected this site based on proximity to existing campuses, cost efficiency and design flexibility. Neenan supported the funding agreement by helping the school develop its financing package and understand the full lifecycle value of the adaptive reuse model.

Liberty Common School was an opportunity to translate the school’s classical academic philosophy into its physical environment. Architects worked to incorporate traditional design references while optimizing the functionality of a modern school. Classrooms were built with adaptability in mind, supporting future growth.

A model for charter school innovation

The Liberty Common Junior High stands as a proof-of-concept for adaptive reuse in K-12 education. This is especially impressive within the charter sector, where limited budgets and tight timelines are common.

By leveraging Neenan’s integrated design-build model, strong municipal relationships and deep understanding of charter regulations, Liberty Common gained a cost-effective, future-ready campus in record time.

Shelby Hinchliff is a Principal Architect at Neenan Archistruction.

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